Introduction: Nipple fissure is one of the most common problems in breastfeeding women and the main reason for the early discontinuation of breastfeeding. Due to the importance of breastfeeding, the present study was performed with aim to review the clinical trials conducted on the treatment of sore nipple and nipple pain in breastfeeding women. Methods: In this systematic review, all local databases were searched with the keywords of “sore nipple” and “clinical trial” and databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Science Direct and Medline with the keywords of “sore nipple” and “clinical trial” were searched to November 2015 with no time and language limitations. All the articles were reviewed based on the Jadad scale and those scoring ≥3 were selected. The results were reported qualitatively. Results: A total of 14 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were ultimately examined. Among the treatments examined in these studies, Lanolin along with a nipple shield, Aloevera gel, menthol essence and warm compress led to more decrease in severity of pain and the fastest recovery of sore nipples. Conclusion: Lanolin along with a nipple shield, Aloevera gel, menthol essence and warm compress are the most effective treatments for sore nipples. Nevertheless, a definitive judgment about the effectiveness of these interventions requires more accurate studies with adequate sample sizes. Studies conducted on sore nipples and their treatment are scattered and drawing conclusions about the interventions is not possible due to the limited number of studies. Keywords Clinical trial; Nipples; Pain; Sore nipple; Systematic Review Introduction: Nipple fissure is one of the most common problems in breastfeeding women and the main reason for the early discontinuation of breastfeeding. Due to the importance of breastfeeding, the present study was performed with aim to review the clinical trials conducted on the treatment of sore nipple and nipple pain in breastfeeding women.Methods: In this systematic review, all local databases were searched with the keywords of “sore nipple” and “clinical trial” and databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Science Direct and Medline with the keywords of “sore nipple” and “clinical trial” were searched to November 2015 with no time and language limitations. All the articles were reviewed based on the Jadad scale and those scoring ³3 were selected. The results were reported qualitatively.Results: A total of 14 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were ultimately examined. Among the treatments examined in these studies, Lanolin along with a nipple shield, Aloevera gel, menthol essence and warm compress led to more decrease in severity of pain and the fastest recovery of sore nipples. Conclusion: Lanolin along with a nipple shield, Aloevera gel, menthol essence and warm compress are the most effective treatments for sore nipples. Nevertheless, a definitive judgment about the effectiveness of these interventions requires more accurate studies with adequate sample sizes. Studies conducted on sore nipples and their treatment are scattered and drawing conclusions about the interventions is not possible due to the limited number of studies.

Introduction: Nipple soreness is one reason that mothers wean their infants from breast milk. In this study we examined the effectiveness of lanolin on alleviating sore nipples. Materials and Methods: One hundred forty seven breastfeeding women were randomly assigned to one of two groups, application of lanolin on nipple (Lanolin group n=74) and no treatment (control group n=73). All women received education about breastfeeding technique. Patients were seen for a maximum of 3 follows up visits within 7 days for resolution of symptoms. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 11.5, Statistical was done by chi-square, Fisher exact, Mann Whitny tests and Mean Rank. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Although both groups received instruction in breastfeeding technique, longer improvement was seen in the group using lanolin for resolution of soreness and repair of wound (p=0.023, and p=0.028 respectively). Conclusion: Because of cost effective, side effect, nipple trauma second to frequent spreading of lanolin on each breast and the use of cream on nipple may introduce pathogens that cause mastitis, and it is not advised for sore nipples.

Introduction & Objective: Nipple discharge is a bothering experience in half of the women, the 3th complain of the breast, and is among the signs of breast cancer. Updating the information on nipple discharge is the main purpose of this review.Materials & Methods: For this review, we chose 126 articles among 1134 articles recently published. Results: Intraductul papilloma is the main cause of nipple discharge. Diagnostic procedures have their positive and negative values.Conclusions: There is little link between nipple discharge and breast cancer. There is no definitive diagnostic procedure, but ductoscopy is promising.

Background & Aims: A fter cancer and cardiovascular diseases, pressure ulcers are the third costly disorders. Most common causes of pressure ulcers development are age over 70 years, being male, white skin, smoking, low body mass index, impaired mobility, altered mental status, urinary and fecal incontinence, malnutrition, etc. Pressure ulcers are a potential complication of intensive care patients and preventing them is a major issue in nursing care.Materials & Methods: This article reviews newest preventive methods of pressure ulcers in ICU.Results: The prevalence of pressure ulcers in Intensive Care Unit is higher than other units. 8% to 40% of ICU patients develop bedsores because of immunocompromised individuals.Conclusion: Nursing care is regarded as the key factors in the prevention of pressure ulcers. Identification of patients at risk of pressure sore development is the most important issue in pressure sore prevention. The best predictive tool for pressure sores in the intensive care unit is the Braden Scale. This scale is divided into six risk categories: sensory perception, moisture activity mobility, nutrition friction, and shear.